THE ETHICS IBD

Sinopse

ááááBenedictus de SpinozaâÇÖs ground-breaking philosophy made him a controversial figure of 17thácentury Rationalism and a major influence in the Enlightenment that followed.ááááááSpinoza developed contentious ideas from an early age, resulting in his expulsion from AmsterdamâÇÖs Jewish community when he was only twenty-three. Christian orthodoxy likewise repudiated his philosophy and the Catholic Church later issued a ban on all his writings. Undeterred and unrepentant, Spinoza the outcast went on to explore notions of God, man, the universe and reality, an intellectual journey that culminated in his magnum opus,áEthica, which he wrote between 1661 And 1675. This was a metaphysical analysis so radical that he was forced to have it published after his death.ááááááThe intention behind theáEthicsáis to demonstrate that it is possible for man to attain a good life and experience 'blessedness' or knowledge of God.áInspired by Cartesian rigour, Spinoza employs EuclidâÇÖs step-by-step logic to prove his various propositions, signing off each proof with an assured 'Q.E.D.' flourish. The five-part workáaddresses the nature of God and concludes that He is intrinsic to the universe rather than outside of it - and is certainly not a personal god in the orthodox sense. The treatise then proceeds to dissect the human mind and to explore the notion of free will and of good and evil. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the origin and strength of various emotions and the way in which they enslave man. In the final part he reveals how we can free ourselves of these emotional manacles by fully understanding how they work and by distinguishing between those that are harmful and those that are useful.áFor Spinoza, reason is the sole means to this end. It is no easy task, he warns, and few will succeed - 'But all things excellent are as difficult as they are rare.'